Welcome to the Book Bifróst between Words and Intuition!
This book shows Discourse Analysis Elements and exercises as a powerful tool for professionals who are interested in acquiring a Foreign Language.
You can also use it as a guide for understanding Social Interactions through Words, Paragraphs and Texts Interpretation.
First thing you need to know is the Concept of Discourse.
Hi, welcome to the Cosmic Inner Healing Editorial. This is a Sample Chapter in which you can get familiar with our teaching methodology.
In the name of the editorial staff, I want to give you a warm welcome.
Remember; if you want to learn, you do not need to confront experiences that make you feel bad. You can reach the goals you set in a relaxing atmosphere, which stimulates the proficiency of the knowledge you are gaining.
Let us begin…
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LANGUAGE COMPONENTS
As part of Our Teaching Strategies, we rely on the Suggestopedia Method. It consists of using Music, among other tools, to help relax students with the intention of enhancing their Learning Process.
It’s time to take advantage of Suggestopedia, so you can notice the positive effects this Methodology can produce. I invite you to play the following video. Think about how you feel after listening to it:
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1. Morphology
In the branch of Linguistics, Morphology is considered as the study of how Words are put together. For instance, most Words in the English Language share one or two pieces in them, but some technical Words can have many more.
Words like non-renewability has at least five (non-, re-, new-, abil-, and ty-). In many other Languages, though, Words are frequently made up of many elements, and a single Word can state a Meaning that would require a whole Sentence in English.
When analyzing the Word texts, you can notice it is put together from two parts: texts, which refers to a particular type of written form, and -s, which implies there is more than one such written form.
Only some combinations of fragments are possible. To recapitulate the example of text and -s, in English it is not correct to put those two pieces in the opposite order and still get the same results. You cannot say stext.
Since Morphology means the investigation of how Words are put together, it is important to know what a Word is.
In Linguistic Investigations of Grammar,you are allowed to say that a Word is the smallest inseparable unit in Language.
A Word is the smallest unit which stands on its own in a Statement. It is Syntactically Independent. That means it can appear in diverse positions in a Sentence, changing its order with respect to other elements, even while the order of elements inside each Word stays the same. (Anderson, C.; Bjorkman, B.; Denis, D.; Doner, J.; Grant, M.; Sanders, N. and Taniguchi, A. 2022. Essentials of Linguistics, 2nd edition. Canada.)
Linguists distinguish Phonological Words (words for the purposes of sound patterns), Morphological Words (words for the purposes of morphology), and Syntactic Words (words for the purposes of sentence structure.)
Morphemes are the smaller pieces within Words. They systematically pair both Form (sign or sound) and Meaning. The latter is the Grammatical Function.
There are two types of Morphemes within Words. The ones that contain more than one Morpheme are called Morphologically Complex. On the other hand,Words with a single Morpheme are called Morphologically Simple.
Types of Morphological Relations
Inflectional: Words with an Inflectional Affix, which is added to a Stem Word, so a new form of the Stem Word is produced.
Derivational: Words with a Derivational Affix, which is added to a Stem Word, so a new Word with new Meaning is produced.
Affixes: They include Prefixes and Suffixes. They are Bound Morphemes, which are different from Free Morphemes. Free Morphemes imply Lexical Units. When two Free Morphemes are joined, you get a Compound Word.
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2. Grammar and Syntax
Is Grammar Part of Linguistics?
Grammar and Linguistics are part of the most relevant fields when studying a Language, but at the same time they are opposed, depending on their focus and scope.
Research Gate considers them in terms of their focal point, attainment and use. Let me explain how they work:
- Focal Point:
While Grammar is focused on the Set of Regulations and Structures that rule how Words are ordered and joint to form Sentences in a Particular Language, Linguistics implies a broader field that covers the Scientific Study of Language, considering diverse sub-disciplines.
2. Attainment:
Grammar’s main scope is the explanation and study of Specific Languages, paying special attention to the Grammatical Structures and Set of Rules within those Languages. Its goal is to offer a systematic account of how Language works in a Specific Context.
Additionally, Linguistics deals with the Structural and Functional Aspects of Language. They include Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology, Syntax, Semantics and Pragmatics.
It also digs out on Language from a more complete and theoretical standpoint. Its goal is to understand how Language is learned, applied, and understood.
Linguistics shares a broader perspective. It looks for universal principles and common patterns in all Languages. It compares Languages with the intention of uncovering the main properties of Human Language as a Cognitive System.
3. Use:
Grammar is the basics for the practical application of Language. It only brings the guiding principles and set of regulations that allow effective communication and understanding within a certain Language.
On the other hand, Linguistics shows People’s Understanding of Language Structures, Acquisition, and Usage. It makes a huge amount of contributions to other fields.
Psycholinguistics, Sociolinguistics, Computational Linguistics, and Forensic Linguistics take advantage of Linguistics. Additionally, it assists in the development of Language technologies, analyzing Language disorders, and disentangling the smallest details of Human Communication.
We can conclude Grammar and Linguistics contribute to Language and its structures. They focus on describing and understanding How Language Functions.
You must also consider they make use of formal analysis and observation to uncover patterns and rules within Language Systems, as well as contributing to the successful use and comprehension of Language, enabling communication in several contexts.
Grammar and Linguistics make use of Language to enhance people’s knowledge of Human Cognition, Perception, and Cultural Expression. Grammar just focuses on the rules and structures of individual languages, whereas Linguistics is interdisciplinary.
They both study Language as a whole. Grammar is only a practical guideline for the Use of Language. Linguistics explores the theoretical aspects and tries to find the Universal Patterns across Languages.
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Grammar
Although Grammar is thought as a subject of random announcements, linguists are not really regarded to this perspective, which is called Prescriptivism. It is merely the collection of principles determining how to join a Sentence.
In fact, the Syntactic Principles of a Language may insist on Word Order. It allows several options. For instance, English sentences normally must have Words in the order Subject-Verb-Object.
In the case of Whales, the order is generally Subject-Object-Verb.
This translates into the fact that the choice among several orders of phrases in a Sentence is allowed in a Language,
On the other hand, the Syntactic Principles differ in Morphology. They are the principles governing the Structure of Words. Languages diverge according to how they allow Words to be built out of other Words or smaller elements.
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Syntax
Syntax is the arrangement of Words and Phrases in a specific order. When changing the position of just one Word, you could be altering the whole meaning of the Sentence.
Every single Language has specific rules that indicate where Words go. Skilled writers and speakers can manipulate such rules to make Sentences sound more touching or poetic.
Grammarly talks about Syntax as a topic that covers Word Order and Grammar Rules. It is indispensable to considerate Constituency (multiple Words acting as a single unit.)
Constituency is necessary to determine the hierarchy within the Sentence, especially for long and complex Sentences. It is crucial for Sentence Diagramming.
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3. Semantics and Pragmatics
According to the Oxford Language Dictionary a Text is “the main body of a book or other piece of writing, as distinct from other material such as notes, appendices, and illustrations.”
It is the same for spoken Language, since the world of ideas shares the same characteristics.
When speaking, you share a core idea you previously developed (consciously or unconsciously) which is equivalent to the notes you take before writing.
Then, you support the information with other details you paid attention to, as an appendix. After that, you give examples of it.
The meaning of what you express is analyzed in terms of Semantics and Pragmatics, depending on your focus.
When you go deeper into the Meaning itself, linguists refer to Semantics. In Pragmatics, you take into account the set of rules followed to convey the Meaning of the information you want to present.
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Semantics
George Yule (2005) defines Semantics as the study of the meaning of Words, Phrases and Sentences. Semantic Analysis attempts to focus on what Words typically mean, instead of on what an individual speaker would want them to mean on a particular occasion.
In other words, Semantics is concerned with objective or general Meaning. It does not try to focus on subjective or restricted Meanings.
Linguistic Semantics refers to the conventional Meaning conveyed by the use of Words, Phrases and Sentences of a Language.
If you want to interpret the meaning of Words in a Language, your attention is on characterizing the Conceptual Meaning, not on the Associative Meaning of the Words.
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Pragmatics
Encyclopaedia Britannica talks about Pragmatics as “the study of the use of natural language in communication; more generally, the study of the relations between languages and their users.”
This definition applies to Linguistics and Philosophy.
The branch of Linguistics, called Linguistic Semantics, goes deeper and describes Pragmatics as the study of the rule systems that determine the literal Meanings of linguistic expressions.
Pragmatics translates into the study of how literal and nonliteral features of communicated linguistic Meanings are conveyed.
Such aspects are determined by principles that pass on to a physical or social context (roughly interpreted) in which Language is utilized.
After Reading this, I want you to reflect on how the song affected your Focus. If it was in a positive way, keep playing this Music Genre. If you didn’t like it, try to find your favorite one.
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